Nonlinear modelling and neural networks for industrial
applications - process modelling, process development, materials development,
process control, process simulation, process optimisation
A site with frames may be visible here.
Nonlinear Solutions Oy has provided solutions based on nonlinear models
(particularly neural network based) since 1996 to several industrial sectors.
Non-linear models have been useful for a variety of purposes in
process industries. One important category of applications is material
properties (tailor-making of properties, reduction of variation of
material properties, etc.) Another important category is process
models. Such models are used for process development, for process
optimisation, or process control. Non-linear models are also used for
several kinds of fault prevention, fault detection, fault diagnosis
purposes (e.g. paper web breaks, product defects, etc.) Nonlinear
models have opened up many new possibilities, and process industries
are only beginning to find them.
Nonlinear Solutions endeavours to help process industries improve their products,
materials and processes through
- improved quality, reduced variations, reduced rejects
- increased production rate
- easier product development
- improved measurement systems
- better process control
- reduced raw material consumption
- reduced energy consumption
- reduced emissions of pollutants
Proper use of industrial mathematics makes this possible. Our core
expertise lies in the new techniques of nonlinear modelling,
particularly neural networks.
Industries cooperate with us on projects which offer them clear and
direct benefits from our services. Development of automation products
in partnership with us is encouraged. Almost every company we work
with gets tailor-made solutions.
Continuous improvement and extension of our techniques, tools
and know-how is an essential part of our activity.
Nonlinear Solutions Oy provides services in various forms, primarily
based on nonlinear models of processes and material behaviour. The
final result can be models, software for efficient use of the models
(like a LUMET system
customised for a given purpose with
nonlinear models implemented in it), a simulator, conclusions
regarding effects of variables of interest, optimum values of
variables, etc. The models are developed by Nonlinear Solutions based
on production data or experimental data. Nonlinear Solutions does
not sell software for developing nonlinear models, unlike most
other companies. In rare solutions, the user can create the nonlinear
models from experimental data.
In many cases, particularly where experimentation is expensive,
Nonlinear Solutions also plans the experiments to elicit the
nonlinearities in the effects of input variables, with as few
experiments as possible.
Utilising knowledge about processes and materials
Nonlinear models are often entirely empirical. It is usually
advantageous to take into account the knowledge and heuristics about
the process or the materials in the model development. It is still
better to have semi-empirical models (models with some elements of
physical models combined with empiricism), whenever possible.
Nonlinear Solutions has specialised know-how, expertise and experience
for this purpose.
What is nonlinear modelling?
Nonlinear
modelling is empirical or semi-empirical modelling which takes at least some
nonlinearities into account.
There are many ways of doing that, including linear regression with nonlinear terms,
polynomial regression, nonlinear regression, splines, etc. Some of the new techniques
based on artificial neural networks have advantages over the traditional methods
mentioned earlier. Multilayer perceptrons are capable of approximating any continuous,
first order differentiable function to any desired degree of accuracy with a single
series (a single layer) of certain kinds of activation functions like logistic sigmoids.
There is plenty of literature on neural networks, including several books. At least
one
book covers neural networks
applications in chemical engineering. There is at least one series of conferences which
focuses on
engineering applications of neural networks.
Our contact information:
Address: PL 953, 20101 Turku, Finland
Telephone: +358 2 2154721 (will be taken out of use any day)
VAT registration number: FI 1056520 8
Some relevant links are here.
The appended words are meant to allow unfamiliar visitors find
things of interest on these www pages. These are the areas in which
Nonlinear Solutions can provide services. If you don't find the
information of interest to you on these pages, feel free to
ask us. Definition of
nonlinear
modelling here.
Production economics issues: production capacity, tonnage,
CIF or FOB price, raw material cost, (labor) labour cost, value
addition, market demand, worldwide supply, overproduction,
consumption, overcapacity, profitability, product quality,
overquality, consumer confidence, purchase department, index,
shipment, load, etc. All these things have something to do with
production economics.
Mathematics related issues: Neural network models, or simply neural
networks, also referred to as neural net models, or neural nets, are
used to approximate nonlinearities. The central issue in most cases is
non-linearity, (nowadays written as nonlinearity). Non-linearities
are addressed by non-linear function approximation, which is based on
approximation theory, which also covers basic concepts of regression,
non-linear regression, which are also found in statistical theory, in
most books on statistics.
Clustering: k-means clustering, topology preserving clustering,
cluster formation are some issues addressed in certain kinds of nonlinear
modelling.
Process industry/process control related: process industry is
the prime beneficiary of these techniques; process industries benefit
in terms of industrial process control, particularly advanced process
control, self-tuning adaptive control, process guidance, process
supervision, monitoring, model based process control, nonlinear model
based control, model based nonlinear control, nonlinear control,
control based on process models, statistical process control, process
automation, etc. Nonlinear process modelling is often the basis of
advanced control algorithms. A nonlinear process model can be
empirical or semi-empirical, but process models based on physical
modelling normally turn out to be too simplistic for real
processes. Nonlinear process modeling is not based on a large number
of assumptions and simplifications unlike physical models. Physical
modelling normally requires assumptions and simplifications, and
therefore a physical model is useful as good theory, but for
industrial purposes physical modeling is not the most beneficial.
Stochastic processes are not the only ones which benefit from
stochastic models. Stochastic modelling can be useful in various
situations, Monte-Carlo simulation can be utilised for various
processes. A simulator based on such models can often be
slow. Simulators based on empirical models, including dynamic
simulation, are usually quite fast. A dynamic simulator can
incorporate a nonlinear simulation model. A non-linear model is
often the core of such simulators. Non-linear models for
simulation can be of various kinds.
modelling related: semi-empirical models, semi-empirical
modelling, semi-empirical modeling, semi-empirical model empirical
models, empirical modelling, empirical model, empirical modeling;
artificial intelligence, process optimisation, process optimization,
optimise, optimize
linear modelling: multivariate analysis, chemometrics, principal
component analysis, PCA, PLS, multivariate techniques
industrial value: improve materials, improve products,
improve processes, improving production economics, improve quality,
quality control, statistical quality control, reduce waste, reduce
rejects, reduce wastage, increase efficiency, increase yield, improve
yield, increase production increase productivity, reduce size, reduce
volume, product development, process development, research, materials
science, materials engineering, materials technology, chemical
engineering, reduce energy consumption, reduce raw material
consumption, reduce power consumption, electricity
Energy industry: heat, power generation, reduce
emission, reduce emissions, reduce pollution, reduce emissions of
pollutants, NOx, sulphur, sulfur, oxides, SO2, SO3, CO, carbon
monoxide, unburnt, dioxin, dioxins, particle, particles, particulate,
dust - keywords for power plants, boilers, as well as combustion
issues of automobile engines, related combustion processes, exhaust
gas recycle (EGR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), fossil fuels,
biofuels, waste, air staging, secondary air, air ratio, burners, cost
reduction by reducing fuel consumption, improving energy efficiency
while reducing emissions is possible with appropriate nonlinear models
- ask for more information
for metallurgy: metal industry, which includes iron and steel
industry, aluminium and copper producers; steel processing,
etc. besides secondary metallurgy can benefit from nonlinear
modelling; Many issues in metallurgical engineering can be handled
better with nonlinear modelling; Nonlinear Solutions has worked with
material behaviour of metals and alloys, particularly steels.
Nonlinear Solutions has provided several nonlinear models to
Rautaruukki, SSAB, Fundia, Ovako Steel, etc. (a few articles
available) stainless steel models for Avesta Sheffield and Outokumpu
Polarit in Tornio, both companies are now Avesta Polarit, some
cooperation with Sandvik, special models for titanium steel
special steels: boron steel, niobium steel, besides more
common manganese steels, high silicon, wires with low carbon HSLA
corten cast iron, high chromium content alloy, solder, etc. Material
properties including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation at
break, reduction of area have been modelled. A Lumet system for Jominy
hardenability has also been developed. Nonlinear models were provided
to Ovako Steel a few years back. Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness,
Brinell hardness, Charpy impact strength, Izod, fatigue strength,
etc. can be modelled well.
Nonlinear Solutions has also provided nonlinear models of
machinability. Machinability of stainless steels is more
complicated.
Copper and aluminum: oxygen-free copper, cryogenic, RRR, residual
resistivity ratio; nonlinear models were provided to Outokumpu
Poricopper, an article on this topic appears in the magazine Wire
Industry.
Miscellaneous: nitrogen, nitride, nitrides, nitriding,
oxygen, oxide, oxides, zinc, galvanising, plastic coating, brass,
rolling, extrusion, annealing, tempering, oil-tempered
General issues: material properties, mechanical properties, thermal
properties, electrical properties, rheology, rheological fluid
consistency, wet strength, flatness, workability, non-Newtonian pastes
- ask for more information
cement and concrete: (an article on compressive
strength and degree of compaction available) cement kiln, clinker,
free lime, energy economy, reduce energy consumption (an article in
International Cement Review) properties of wet concrete, properties of
hardened concrete, construction - ask Nonlinear Solutions how you can
cooperate on this topic
powder metallurgy: particle size distribution,
chemical composition, oxygen, hot isostatic pressing, HIP,
atomisation, atomization; Anval, Erasteel, Carpenter, etc. all know
about nonlinear modelling and Nonlinear Solutions;
Continuous casting is an important process in steel production. In
some situations, near net shape casting is performed where dimensional
accuracy is more important. A dynamic model for ladle furnace,
nonlinear dynamic model for LD converter, models for AOD converter,
energy consumption in electric arc furnace (EAF) modelled with
nonlinear modelling; induction furnace, preheating oven, rolling
various products including, hot rolled plates cold strips wire rods
for drawing, drawn wires, annealed wire, tempered wire cable extruded
profile, extruded profiles HRC CRC
Nonlinear models for scrap melting can help in improving
energy efficiency (energy economy, reduction of energy consumption)
Lumet systems for material properties delivered, provided
tailor-made solutions for several companies
plastics technology: polymer engineering, plastics processing,
plastics converting, converters, injection moulding, molding,
rotational, blow moulding, composites, rubber, elastomers can all
benefit from nonlinear modelling. Polymerization: polymerise various
monomers, polymerize
(There is a nice article in British Plastics and Rubber about
nonlinear modelling in polymer sector industries, with examples from
Borealis Polymers, Nextrom, etc. See also the article on
improving production economics of extrusion processes in BP&R)
polymerisation process modelling, polymerization process
modeling, polymer structure, polymerization catalysis, polymerisation
catalysis, catalysts Ziegler-Natta, metallocenes, melt index, melt
flow rate, MFR, molecular weight distribution, bimodal, xylene
solubles, DSC enthalpy, crystallinity, glass transition temperature,
softening point, other transitions, melt strength, viscoelasticity,
nucleation, crystallisation, crystallization, results of compounding -
ask for more information
Polymers: All kinds of polymers can benefit from nonlinear modelling
including polyacrylates polycarbonates polyethylene HDPE LLDPE LDPE
PEX PE-X XLPE PTFE teflon polypropylene PP mPP BOPP; homopolymers as
well as copolymers; comonomer random heterophasic; Even polyvinyl
chloride (PVC); polymers for medical applications (medical polymers),
biopolymers, biodegradable or bioabsorbable polymers, (ask us for more
information on modelling of kinetics of biodegradation, strength
retention or loss, permeability, diffusivity, from limited
experimental data). Nonlinear modelling has been used for (i)
co-polymerization models, (ii) models of material properties, or
structure-property relationship models for biopolymers and copolymers,
(iii) biopolymer degradation or erosion or absorption kinetics and
(iv) drug release rates/profiles, besides very many other things.
also starch based polymers, natural polymers - all these can
benefit from nonlinear modelling
polymer foams: polyurethane polystyrene PVC polyamides fibre
fibres spinning and various other processes, spinnerette (spinneret,
spineret) extrusion coating, tubes, pipes, cables, OFC, excess length,
heat treatment, shrinkage, crosslinking, hot set, flame retardant,
bromine, bromide, density, weight, compressive strength, flexural
modulus, tensile modulus, insulation, dielectric strength, thermal
conductivity, cell structure, porosity; polylactide, glycolide,
decomposition; biodegradation - quality improvement, cost reduction by
reducing waste, raw material consumption, energy consumption - There is
a nice article on LUMET systems for extrusion processes in BP&R of
September 2008 - ask for
Nonlinear Solutions for more information
Nonlinear modelling is useful in bioinformatics also in several ways.
In the medical and biotechnology sectors, there are plenty of good
applications of nonlinear modelling. From process modelling of
biochemical processes and separation (e.g. chromatographic), nonlinear
models are useful for pharmacokinetics, in vivo - in vitro
correlations, for predicting drug release profiles, etc. Formulation
development can be speeded up significantly by nonlinear modelling.
Tablet properties (including dissolution rates, drug delivery rates)
can be predicted better with nonlinear models. Another area is
material behaviour of various kinds of materials used as implants.
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR); molecular
modelling, solubility, dissolution rates, boiling point, biological
activity, strong correlations between structure and observed
properties - molecular mining like data mining; use in drug design,
drug screening - ask Nonlinear Solutions how you can cooperate on this
topic
Pulp and paper: board, paperboard, fibreboard
(fiberboard), MDF, particle-board, wood chips, timber, etc. Fiber or
fibre length is a key issue for many properties; laboratory variables
like tensile and tear strength, formation index, printability can be
improved with nonlinear models, paper web breaks can be reduced with
one solution offered by Nonlinear Solutions, several quality variables
can be improved with nonlinear models; sophisticated nonlinear models
for paper coating by different processes; extrusion coating, spraying,
spray drying, calandering (calendering) - ask Nonlinear Solutions how
you can cooperate on this topic
mechanical and chemical pulping, TCMP, kappa number, lignin,
delignification, nonlinear models of bleaching with various processes
including peroxide, chlorate, semi-empirical models of paper drying,
or for pulp drying; calander, supercalander, supercalandering, - ask
for more information; retention, latex, latexes, cationic resins,
anionic resins, precipitated calcium carbonate, press felts, paper
machine fabrics are produced by companies like Tamfelt, Albany,
Voith. If you want better control over permeability of the fabrics,
talk with us.
Suominen nonwovens is one of the nonwoven products company which
has worked with us.
nonwoven, non-woven, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester,
fibre spinning (melt, wet, dry), air cooling rate, melt strength,
viscoelasticity, etc.
There is a nice article in International Fiber Journal on nonlinear
modelling of fibre properties with neural networks, relating process
variables of melt spinning with several fiber properties. The models
can be used to improve the quality, increase production rate, or reduce
breaks. Ask Nonlinear Solutions for more information.
Semiconductor industry: semiconductors, silicon wafers,
chips, MEMS, CVD - ask for our interesting article which shows the
advantage of using nonlinear modelling techniques instead of the
conventional alternatives; LPCVD, ALCVD (ALD), ALE, MBE, etc. can be
modelled well with nonlinear modelling; epitaxy, chemical vapour
deposition vapor Czochralski growth single crystal silicon gallium
arsenide silicon carbide, oxide, insulator, SOI - quality improvement,
cost reduction by reducing waste, raw material consumption, energy
consumption possible with appropriate nonlinear models - ask for more
information
Food processing: processes like drying, mixing, grinding, roasting, extrusion,
crystallisation, thickening, dissolution, fermentation, sprouting, distillery
brewery processes, concentration, aging, packaging, freezing, etc;
- ask Nonlinear Solutions how you can cooperate on this topic
Engineering in general: heat transfer, mass transfer, fluid mechanics,
thermodynamics, solubility, conductivity, diffusivity, thermal,
diffusion, mixing, stirring, homogenisation, homogenization,
fluidisation ( fluidization ), fluidised bed ( fluidized bed ) drying,
nonlinear models for spray drying process control, dryer, spray,
sprayer, cooler, heater, distillation, concentration, incineration,
oxidation, reduction, particle size distribution, dissolution,
electrolysis - ask Nonlinear Solutions how you can cooperate on this
topic
Water treatment and purification (drinking water as well as waste
water) is another area where nonlinear models turn out to be very
useful. Ask for more information from the contact page. Keywords:
dosage, filtration, coagulation, sedimentation, pH, turbidity,
alkalinity, COD, TOC, potassium permanganate, alum, aluminium, ferric
sulphate, ferric sulfate, lime, limestone, chlorine, activated sludge,
fertiliser, incineration, etc. - ask Nonlinear Solutions how you can
cooperate on this topic
Nonlinear Solutions is located in Finland, in Europe, close to Sweden.
Therefore, most of our work has been with companies in Finland and Sweden.
However, at present, more interesting areas for process development,
product development and materials science research and development are
in some other countries of Europe, including Germany, Switzerland,
Netherlands and Belgium. There is some amount of interest in UK
also. From the point of view of production growth, nonlinear modelling
has a greater potential in China, India, Russia, Brazil, Argentina,
Chile, Mexico, and several Asian countries.
See also
this page of TEKES.
Some relevant words in Finnish to make it easier for
people to find this site:
Nonlinear Solutionsin toimintaan liittyviä joitakin avainsanoja
suomeksi
epälineaarinen malli mallintaminen mallinnus mallitus ratkaisu
approksimointi approximointi teoria tilastollinen menetelmä
epälineaarinen regressio funktio sovitus neuroverkko neuraaliverkko
hermoverkko
Muut matemaattiset aiheet: monimuuttuja analyysi, pääkomponentti
analyysi, regressio analyysi, varianssi, varianssianalyysi,
klusterointi, klusteri, k-means, itse-organisoituva
matemaattinen empiirinen mallintaminen, empiiristä,
fysikaalinen, fysikaalista, semi-empiirinen, tekoäly, automaatio,
prosessi, prosessien mallintaminen, prosessien mallinnus,
prosessitekniikka, tekniikka säätö ohjaus, mallipohjainen säätö,
epälineaarinen säätö, valvonta, etävalvonta, säätäjä,
prosessiteollisuus, käyttö sovellus sovellutus sovelluksia
sovellutuksia hyöty hyödyntää prosessiteollisuudessa parantaa laatua,
laadunvalvonta, vähentää raaka-aineiden, raaka-aineen kulutusta
parantaa tuotantotaloutta, vähentää energian kulutusta,
vähentää päästöjä, nostaa tehokkuutta, parantaa tuotteita, tuote
tuotteet tuotekehitys kehitys tutkimus tutkimusta materiaali, parantaa
materiaaleja
rauta, valurauta, teräs, terästä, teräksiä, ruostumaton,
ruostumatonta, titaaniteräs, mikroseostettu, kupari, hapeton, hopea,
messinki, juotos, titaani, johtavuus, lujuus, murtolujuus, myötölujuus,
(hyviä esimerkkejä toimittamistamme ratkaisuista)
venymä, murtovenymä, murtokurouma, kovuus, karkenevuus, puristuslujuus,
lastuttavuus, kokojakauma, pulveri, pulverimetallurgia, hehkutus,
valokaariuuni, romu sulatus, alumiini profiili, pursotus, extruusio
tai ekstruusio (useita artikkeleita jotka selittävät miten epälineaarinen
mallintaminen auttaa parantamaan laatua, nostamaan linjanopeutta),
puristus, kuumavalssaus, valssaus, valsaus, kylmävalssaus, sinkitys,
päällystys, maalaus, muovimaalaus, pinnoitus, muovipinnoitus, jne.
polymeeri polymeerit polymeereja poymerointi
polyeteeni polypropeeni polystyreeni muovit sulaindeksi extruusio
pursotus puristus sulan lämpötila linjanopeus ruuvin kierrosluku
ruiskuvalu ruiskupuristus jäähdytysaika sykliaika puhallusmuovaus
kehruu sulan lujuus muovimaalaus lateksi päällystys paksuuden säätö
sellu massa paperi metsä viira viirat huopa kalanteri
kuivaus vaaleus formaatio painettavuus
soodakattila kattila voimala hiili poltto polttoaine tuuli
tuulivoima hyötysuhde sähkö kombi voimala päästö p??st?t p??st?j?
(my?s hyv? demonstraatio-esimerkki) höyry, voimansiirto, kaapeli HVC
MVC pii puolijohde puolijohteet pii karbiidi oksiidi betoni
puristuslujuus tiivistys (artikkeli saatavilla) vapaa kalkki sementti
uuni, meesa, meesauuni, klinkkeri, energian kulutus
elintarvike, prosessointi, jalostus, kuivaus,
sekoitus, jauhatus, paisto, extruusio, kiteytys, sakeutus, linkous,
liuos, pakastaminen, huokoisuus, pakkaminen, pakkaus, l?p?isy,
l?p?isevyys, liukeneminen, sakeuttaminen, puristus, pursotus,
vanheneminen, funktionaalinen funktionaaliset, erotusprosessi
erotusprosessit erotusprosesseja kromatografia kromatografiset
proteiini proteinien erotus (my?s hyv? demonstraatio-esimerkki),
puhdistus, kalvoerotus, membraani, hiilihydratti hiilihydraatti sokeri
t?rkkelys t?rkki amylaasi
juomavedenk?sittely, juomavesi, veden k?sittely, puhdistus
vedenk?sittely, j?te, j?tevesi, j?teveden k?sittely, aktiiviliete,
j?tevedenk?sittely, selkeytys, pH, sameus, alkaliniteetti, kalkki,
ferrisulfaatti, ferrosulfaatti, fosfori, typenpoisto, orgaaninen
kuorma, jne.
Nonlinear Solutions sijaitsee Suomessa, Euroopassa, l?hell? Ruotsia.
Siksi suuri osa ty?st?mme on ollut Suomen ja Ruotsin yritysten kanssa.
Ruotsi ei en?? ole t?rkein vientimaa. T?ll? hetkell? my?s Saksa,
Sveitsi, Alankomaat ja Belgia ovat mielenkiintoisia prosessien
kehityksen, tuotekehityksen ja materiaalitutkimuksen kannalta.
Tuotannon kasvu on kuitenkin enemm?n kehitysmaissa - Kiina, Intia,
Ven?j?, Brasilia, Argentina, Chile, ja muu Aasia.
H?r finns lite information och n?gra ord om Nonlinear
Solutions verksamhet i Sverige och Finland.
Icke-linj?ra modeller utnyttjas i ett antal olika
till?mpningar inom processindustri. Ett viktigt anv?ndningsomr?de ?r
modellering av materialegenskaper av bl. a. metallprodukter (st?l,
koppar, aluminium, m?ssing, osv), papper och massa, cement och betong,
plastprodukter (termoplaster, termoset, gummi), glas, keramik,
byggmaterial, osv.
N?gra ord p? svenska:
icke-linj?r modell modeller icke-linj?r modellering l?sning
l?sningar l?sningsmetoder approximering approximationer, teori
statistiskt statistik metod metoder regression funktion anpassning
neurala n?tverk n?t multivariatanalys, huvudkomponent analys, PLS
regression, kemometri, k-means klustrering
empirisk modellering, fysikalisk, semi-empirisk, artificiell
intelligens, automation, process, processmodellering, processteknik,
teknik, reglering, styrning, ?vervakning, regulator, processindustri,
anv?ndning, till?mpning, till?mpningar, f?rdel, nytta, utnyttja,
f?rb?ttra kvalitet, kvalitetskontroll, f?rminska, r?varu f?rbrukning,
?tg?ng, konsumtion
f?rb?ttra produktionsekonomin, f?rminskning av eller minska
energif?rbrukningen, minska utsl?ppen, ?ka effektiviteten, f?rb?ttra
produkter, produkt, produktutveckling, utveckling, forskning,
material, f?rb?ttra materialer, j?rn, st?l, rostfritt, titanst?l,
mikrolegerad, koppar, syrefri, silver, m?ssing, l?dfog, l?dning,
titan, ledningsf?rm?ga, h?llfasthet, brotth?llfasthet, brottgr?ns,
str?ckgr?ns, t?jning, h?rdbarhet, h?rdning, storleksf?rdelning,
pulver, pulvermetallurgi, aluminium, profil, extrusion, pressning,
varmvalsning, valsning, kallvalsning, f?rzinkning, bel?ggning,
bestrykning, m?lning, plastm?lning, ytbel?ggning, plastbel?ggning,
bestryckning, gl?dgning, ljusb?gsugn
polymer, polymerer, polyeten, polypropen, polystyren, plaster, plast,
sm?ltindex, cellulosa, massa, papper, skog, skogsprodukt, vira, f?lt,
kalander, torkning, ljushet, formation, formationsindex, tryckbarhet,
kraftverk, kol, f?rbr?nning, br?nsle, vind, effektivitet, verkningsgrad
oms?ttningsgrad, el, elektricitet, kombination, kisel, halvledare,
karbid, oxid, betong, tryckh?llfasthet, t?tning, fri kalk, cement ugn,
klinker, energif?rbrukning
livsmedel, processering, raffinering, torkning, blandning,
malning, stekning, extrusion, kristallisering av socker, margarin,
osv., f?rtjockning, koncentration, centrifugering, l?sning, frysning,
porositet, packning, f?rpackning, genomsl?pplighet, uppl?sning,
pressning, f?r?ldring, funktional, separering, separation,
separationsprocess, kromatografi, protein, reng?ring, membran,
avskiljning, kolhydrat, socker, st?rkelse, amylas
Vi har utvecklat modeller f?r vattenrening ocks?.
The site of
Abhay Bulsari is
still being written.